The Khmer People and Their Relationship with Thailand: A Historical Analysis

The relationship between the Khmer people and Thailand is complex and rich with historical events. Often, the narrative simplifies this relationship, but a closer look reveals a more nuanced understanding. To dispel the myth that the Khmer people gained independence from Thailand, it is essential to examine the historical context, key events, and international relations that shaped their relationship.

The Myth of Khmer Dependence on Thailand

Realistically, the Khmer people have never been in bondage to the Thai. The Khmer Empire, a powerful force in Southeast Asia, existed long before the Thai migration to present-day Siam. This empire was the leader in the region, and it was the Thai who gained independence from the Khmer around two centuries ago. Historically, it was King Ramkamhaeng Maharaj who established a significant break from Khmer influence by using the Khmer alphabet to write the Thai script.

The Evolution of Cambodian Independence

The Khmer people were never uniformly under Siamese rule. In fact, for much of history, Siam (modern Thailand) did not annex all of Cambodia, where most Khmer people still reside. There are also significant Khmer populations in Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos. However, at one point, Siam did dominate a substantial portion of what is now Cambodia, and the rest of the region was dominated by Vietnam. To prevent complete annexation, the Cambodian king sought refuge in becoming a French protectorate.

The Cambodian Protectorate and French Influence

King Monivong requested that the French declare Cambodia a protectorate in 1863 to prevent encroachment by both the Thais and the Vietnamese. This action marked a significant turning point in Cambodian history. Initially, Cambodians may not have liked the idea of being under French rule, but it proved to be a strategic move for self-preservation. Under French governance, Cambodia managed to regain several lost provinces, though it was treated as a colony.

The French used Cambodia as a base to expand their influence in the region. They eventually established a capital in Saigon, which was formerly the Cambodian city of Prey Nokor. This move allowed them to expand northward, causing concessions from the Hanoi government. The French colonial policy, though often criticized, did play a role in preserving Cambodian autonomy.

The French Diplomatic Genius

The French diplomatic maneuvers during the 1904 negotiations with Thailand are particularly noteworthy. The borders of Cambodia were negotiated against Thailand, and this decision has become a famous example in international law known as the principle of estoppel. Despite the French being only one grade above the Dutch in terms of colonial status, their actions in Cambodia were quite beneficial. This process ensured Cambodia retained significant territories and its sovereignty was not entirely compromised.

Today, the relationship between the Khmer people and Thailand is marked by complex historical legacies. While the Thais did gain independence from the Khmer, the Khmer people have managed to establish a unique place for themselves in Southeast Asia. Their historical narrative is one of resilience, adaptation, and strategic maneuvering to ensure their cultural and political survival.