Introduction to the Historical Evolution of Music in South Indian Cinema

Music has been an integral part of South Indian cinema, reflecting the rich cultural and historical heritage of the region. The earliest influences can be traced back to the Vijayanagara Empire, a period that marked significant advancements in music and performed a crucial role in shaping the cultural landscape of South India (Vijayanagara Empire influence). This article explores the history of music in South Indian movies, highlighting key figures, pivotal moments, and the evolution of musical forms and styles.

Early Musical Influences: The Vijayanagara Empire and Beyond

The influence of the Vijayanagara Empire, founded in the 14th century, is deeply rooted in the history of South Indian music. The empire's patronage of the arts, particularly music and dance, led to the development of a rich musical tradition that has endured through the centuries. By the time Purandaradasa arrived on the scene, Sangita-Sara, a treatise on music, began to gain widespread recognition and circulation. This text, closely associated with Vidyaranya, provided a foundational framework for the study of music, influencing numerous composers and musicians (Purandaradasa and Sangita-Sara).

Emergence of Tanjore as a Center of Musical Activity

The shift in the center of musical activity to Tanjore under the reign of the Nayaks and Marathas was a significant turning point in the evolution of South Indian music. This period, spanning approximately from the 16th to the 18th century, saw the establishment of Tanjore as a cultural hub. The musical forms and delivery styles of this era were refined and documented, creating a legacy that would influence future generations of artists (Tanjore under Nayaks and Marathas).

The 72-Mela Scheme: A Comprehensive Musical Framework

By AD 1673, the 72-mela scheme, a comprehensive system for organizing ragas, had become fully established. This system, which categorizes ragas into descending scales (melakarta ragas), provided a standardized approach to understanding and performing music. The inclusion of all known and heard raga variants in this scheme ensured a rich and diverse repertoire for musicians to draw upon. Additionally, the emergence of Janya ragas, which are derived from the melakarta ragas, added complexity and nuance to the musical landscape (72-mela scheme).

Evolution of Musical Forms and Styles: The 18th Century and Beyond

The 18th century saw significant developments in South Indian music, particularly through the works of Thyagaraja and his contemporaries. Thyagaraja, a composer and musician of the highest repute, played a pivotal role in shaping the musical forms and styles of his time. His compositions, which are still widely performed today, exemplify the elegance and depth of South Indian music. The change in the 18th century is marked by the refinement and expansion of musical genres, as well as the introduction of new delivery styles that resonated with the evolving cultural and aesthetic sensibilities of the audience (Thyagaraja and 18th-century developments).

Conclusion: The Enduring Legacy of Music in South Indian Cinema

The history of music in South Indian movies is a rich tapestry of cultural evolution and artistic innovation. Influences from the Vijayanagara Empire, the emergence of Tanjore as a cultural center, the establishment of the 72-mela scheme, and the contributions of composers like Thyagaraja have all played crucial roles in shaping the musical landscape of South Indian cinema. The enduring legacy of these developments continues to influence the art form, ensuring that South Indian music remains a vibrant and evolving tradition.

References

BollywoodMDB. (n.d.). South Indian Music: Timeline and Key Figures.