Can the Universe Describe Itself Using Quantum Theory?

The universe is a vast and complex entity, and understanding its origins and evolution has long been a subject of intense scientific inquiry. Among the many theories and models proposed, quantum theory stands out as a fundamental framework capable of explaining myriad phenomena, from the tiniest particles to the expansive cosmos. However, the question remains: Can the entire universe use quantum theory to describe itself?

Quantum Mechanics and the Big Bang

One of the key challenges in this field is the requirement of an observer at the moment of the Big Bang and throughout the universe's evolution. Daniel Sudarsky sheds light on this issue, stating, 'Nowhere are such questions more acutely unanswerable than at and soon after the big bang.' (Sudarsky references). Quantum states collapsing in the infant cosmos are thought to have played a pivotal role in the subsequent development of the universe, determining the formation of stars, galaxies, and planets. However, how did these states collapse without an external observer to measure them?

The Role of Quantum Physics in Universe Origins

According to mainstream science, the only way to explain the existence of our universe is through quantum physics. Specifically, advanced forms of quantum mechanics, such as those involving the physical characteristics of space itself, are essential in understanding the universe's origins. Starting from the beginning of space, denoted as 'zero', is a critical step in this understanding. Traditional cosmology often avoids this starting point, preferring instead to use general relativity, which begins from a more middle-aged perspective of the universe.

Defining the Universe

The concept of a 'universe' is best defined by its content, particularly its energy. The origin of this content, especially the energy, is crucial. In our universe, nothingness is a concept that does not exist. It is merely a concept in the human mind. A pair of antiparticles coming into existence through quantum fluctuations creates a small universe, with these particles dictated by the Uncertainty principle. These particles and their interactions adhere to the law of energy conservation, with energy fluctuations causing temporary matter to come into existence and then disappear, compensating for the initial expenditure of energy. The Big Bang is not considered an event of energy coming from nothingness; rather, it is a temporary fluctuation of energy.

The Possibility of Quantum Tunneling

There is a theoretical possibility that the universe could have originated via quantum tunneling. This concept was initially proposed by theoretical physicist Edward Tryon, who suggested that the universe might be a quantum fluctuation (Tryon 1973). Another possibility involves the universe tunneling from a prior universe in which time runs the opposite way, or from an unphysical state described by Andre Vilenkin as 'nothing' (Vilenkin 1986). James Hartle and Stephen Hawking proposed the idea that 'time' is just another space dimension, again contributing to the universe's possible origins (Hartle Hawking 1983).

While there is no empirical evidence to support these theories, they offer a plausible natural way for the universe to have originated. A simplified explanation of this hypothesis can be found in the appendix of the book 'The Comprehensible Cosmos' by Vic Stenger (2006).

Conclusion

Although the path to fully understanding the universe using quantum theory remains challenging, the theoretical possibilities suggested by quantum mechanics and cosmology offer intriguing insights. The universe, with its complex and seemingly inexplicable origins, continues to captivate scientists and laypeople alike. As research progresses, these theories may yet provide a more comprehensive understanding of the universe's nature and evolution.

References

Sudarsky, D. "The Big Bang and the end of time." The Universe Before the Big Bang. Ed. R. R. Caldwell. World Scientific, 1999. 189-222.

Tryon, E. P. "Is the universe a quantum fluctuation?" Nature 246 (1973): 396-397.

Vilenkin, A. "Boundary conditions in quantum cosmology." Physical Review D 33 (1986): 3560-3569.

Hartle, J. B., and Hawking, S. W. "Wave function of the universe." Physical Review D 28 (1983): 2960-2975.

Stenger, V. J. "The Comprehensible Cosmos." Prometheus Books, 2006.