Exploring the Location and History of Baku, Azerbaijan's Capital City

Baku, the largest and capital city of Azerbaijan, stands as a testament to rich history and modern ingenuity. Located on the western coast of the Caspian Sea in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia, Baku is not just a city but a living legacy of empires, revolutions, and cultural vibrancy.

Geographical Significance of Baku

Baku, without the need for the 'City' suffix, is distinguished by its unique geographical location. Nestled on the shores of the Caspian Sea, Baku is the largest city on this vast inland sea, and it holds the unique distinction of being the lowest-lying national capital in the world, sitting at a remarkable 92 feet below sea level. This strategic positioning has always been a key factor in its historical significance and economic importance.

Historical Context of Baku

Baku has been an essential city throughout its long history, with multiple empires contending for control over the area. The Persian Azeri region and the Ottoman Empire fought over it, with Russia ultimately prevailing and uniting against the Ottomans through a formal agreement. Russia initially obtained Baku temporarily from Persia, but faced further complications due to the actions of Baku Khan, who violated the deal, killed a Russian representative, and signed a deal with Turkey. In response, Russia went to war with both Persia and the Ottomans, securing Baku and establishing it as a Russian province within the Caspian Sea. During this period, Baku was known as Bakinskaya Province, named after its primary city.

Demographics and Cultural Diversity

Baku’s population reflected its historical position as a strategic location. Before the revolution, a significant portion of the population consisted of Russians (36 percent), followed by Armenians, Jews, and Persians or Turks (about 64 percent, with unclear Muslim majorities). The city’s rich cultural mix was characteristic of its time, with various ethnicities and religions coexisting, including the notable story of Jews feeling full rights citizenship in Baku compared to other parts of the Russian Empire.

Modern Era and Economic Development

Post the Russian Revolution, Baku became the Azerbaijan Republic of the USSR, giving it a unique name in the context of the broader Azerbaijan, which is still located in Iran. By the late 20th century, Baku’s population had shifted to a roughly equal distribution among Russians, Iranians or Turks, and Armenians, with Jews making up a significant minority. Despite these changes, Baku remained a vibrant and culturally rich city, often referred to as the 'Paris of the Caspian' due to its lively international character.

Cultural Heritage and Memorabilia

Baku’s landmarks like the Old Palace mausoleum and other construction remnants bear witness to its rich past. While the city’s history includes Persian and Ottoman influences, locals often refer to it as a Turkish region during the Russian control period. Baku’s strategic importance led various tsars, like Paul I, to consider it less crucial compared to Constantinople.

Conclusion

Baku’s history and location have shaped its distinctive cultural and economic identity. From being a battleground for empires to becoming a modern and vibrant capital, Baku continues to hold a unique place in the world. Its diverse population and historical landmarks make it a fascinating city to explore, offering a window into a complex and rich past.