Expanding the Schengen Area: Future Perspectives and Candidate Countries

The Schengen Area, an integrated region of 26 European countries, has been a landmark in the continent's quest for open borders and seamless travel since its inception in 1985. This agreement, which has abolished border controls among member states, has made it easier for travelers to move freely within its borders. As the area continues to evolve, the question of expansion remains pertinent. In this article, we will explore which countries are likely to join the Schengen Area and the process involved in full membership.

Current Configuration of the Schengen Area

As of 2020, the Schengen Area comprises 26 countries, 22 of which are EU member states and 4 are non-EU but associated states. The associated states—Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland—have implemented the Schengen Agreement through bilateral agreements. Additionally, 4 countries (Austria, Belgium, France, and Portugal) have land borders with non-Schengen countries, illustrating the interconnected nature of the agreement.

EU Member States Yet to Implement the Schengen Acquis

Four EU member states— Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, and Romania—are still in the process of fully implementing the Schengen acquis. This involves adapting their national laws and administrative practices to align with the requirements of the agreement. As of July 2020, they are still working on completing the necessary processes to achieve full membership. Ireland and the United Kingdom, despite their current member status in the European Union, maintain opt-outs from certain aspects of the free movement policy and do not participate in the Schengen Area.

Candidate Countries for Schengen Membership

Several countries are currently assessing their potential for joining the Schengen Area. These applicant countries include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, San Marino, and Serbia. Each of these countries is working towards full integration with the Schengen Area, albeit at different stages of the process.

Challenges and Considerations for Candidate Countries

The integration process for these applicant countries is complex and multifaceted. Key considerations include the adaptation of immigration and border control systems, legal alignment with Schengen standards, and ensuring the ability to handle any potential security challenges. For example, Kosovo, recognized as a sovereign state by 113 out of 193 UN member states, has made significant progress in aligning its policies and practices with the Schengen framework.

Evaluation and Future Prospects

While these countries are working towards full membership, the process is not without its challenges. The evaluation process by the European Commission and other EU member states is rigorous, and each country must meet stringent criteria to ensure the smooth functioning of the Schengen Area. Bosnian and Herzegovina, which has submitted an application for membership in the European Union, is also expected to work towards Schengen membership as part of its broader European integration efforts.

Conclusion

The Schengen Area's journey towards further expansion reflects the ongoing efforts to enhance cross-border cooperation and facilitate travel within Europe. Countries like Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, San Marino, and Serbia are at various stages of the process, each facing unique challenges and opportunities. As these countries work towards full membership, the Schengen Area continues to evolve, promising a more unified and interconnected Europe.