Understanding the Outer Wall of a Castle: The Curtain Wall

The outer wall of a castle, a critical element in medieval fortification, is commonly referred to as the curtain wall. This wall encircles the entire structure, providing a formidable defensive barrier protecting the interior buildings, residents, and valuables from external threats. The curtain wall was a key feature in castles, towering and robust, featuring a variety of architectural elements to ensure both defense and utility.

What is a Curtain Wall?

A curtain wall is the primary defensive structure of a castle. Unlike the modern use of the term, which could refer to practically anything durable and outer, in medieval fortifications, a curtain wall is a specific type of defensive wall. It typically consists of:

Height and Thickness: The curtain wall is designed to be tall and substantial, providing a physical barrier against attackers. Battlements: These feature short vertical walls with projections and gaps. The projections are called merlons, and the gaps, or embrasures, are embrasures. Together, they form the battlements, which offer protection to the defenders on the walkway above. Towers and Arrow Slits: Smaller defensive structures and openings in the wall allow for arrow shots against besiegers.

Additional Defensive Features

The curtain wall is often further reinforced with other defensive features:

Machicolation: This involves a projection above the wall walk, allowing defenders to drop objects on attackers below. The areas of projection are called antemurals, and the openings through which items can be dropped are kill holes.

Types of Curtain Walls in Different Castle Designs

The design of a curtain wall can vary significantly depending on the specific type of castle. Different castle designs offer unique characteristics and defensive strategies:

Motte-and-Bailey Castles: In these castles, the most external walls are often stockades made of wood. The main enclosure is protected by a battlemented curtain wall. Average-Sized Castles: The term battlements is commonly used to describe the walls that isolate the bailey, but sometimes ramparts can also be referred to in a similar context. Sophisticated Castles with Multiple Walls: In highly fortified castles with multiple walls and baileys, the outer curtain wall refers to the walls surrounding the moat, while the inner curtain wall is surrounded by a moat, providing a layered defense.

Conclusion

The curtain wall played a crucial role in the defensive strategy of medieval castles. Whether made of stone or wood, reinforced with machicolation, or featuring intricate battlements, the curtain wall was a vital defensive structure. Understanding its components and variations is essential for comprehending the medieval fortifications and their significance in the history of warfare and defensive architecture.