The Positive Developments in the Spanish Colony of the Philippines Before the 1896 Revolution

Introduction

Before the 1896 Revolution, the Spanish colony of the Philippines experienced several positive developments that laid the foundation for the eventual move towards independence. These included cultural exchanges, improvements in infrastructure, economic growth through cash crops, and the flourishing of religious and artistic contributions.

Cultural Exchange and Education

The Spanish colonization introduced Western education, which led to the establishment of several educational institutions such as the University of Santo Tomas founded in 1611. This provided access to education for Filipino elites and contributed to the rise of a literate middle class. The University of Santo Tomas played a pivotal role in the intellectual and educational development of the Philippines.

Infrastructure Development

The Spanish government invested significantly in infrastructure, including the construction of roads, bridges, and ports. This facilitated trade and communication within the archipelago and with other regions. The establishment of these infrastructure projects played a crucial role in the economic and social development of the country.

Economic Growth

The introduction of cash crops such as sugar, tobacco, and abaca hemp led to economic growth in certain regions. The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade, which spanned from 1565 to 1815, further strengthened the Philippines' position in global trade, linking Asia with the Americas. This trade network enriched the economy and bolstered the country's international trade relations.

Religious and Artistic Contributions

The Spanish brought Catholicism, which became a significant part of Filipino identity and culture. Baroque architecture flourished during this time, with the construction of churches and other structures that are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Notable examples include the Manila Cathedral and San Agustin Church.

Social Reforms and Emergence of Nationalism

In the late 19th century, there were some attempts at reform within the Spanish administration driven by Filipino intellectuals and reformists like José Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar. They advocated for greater representation and rights for Filipinos, which sparked awareness and political consciousness. Additionally, the period saw the beginnings of Filipino nationalism with the formation of organizations such as La Liga Filipina in 1892, founded by José Rizal.

Notable Governors and Their Impact

Carlos Maria de la Torre: A Liberal Governor

Carlos Maria de la Torre was a liberal Spanish governor general who practiced the liberal and democratic principles. Notable actions include the establishment of the Guardia Civil, the abolition of flogging, the relaxation of media censorship, and the beginnings of limited secularization of education. His efforts to improve the lives of Filipinos and his close relationship with the ilustrados (intelligent and educated Filipinos) made him a celebrated figure in the history of the Philippines.

José Basco y Vargas: Economic Reforms

Jose Basco y Vargas implemented a "general economic plan" aimed at making the Philippines self-sufficient. He established the "Economic Society of Friends of the Country" which provided incentives and support to farmers, miners, and scientific discoverers. The implementation of a tobacco monopoly by the government under Basco's rule also significantly boosted revenue and established Philippine tobacco as a famous product in Asia.

Emilio Terrero: Support for Rizal

Emilio Terrero played a crucial role in protecting Dr. José Rizal against his enemies, ensuring that Filipinos were not arrested for reading Rizal's novel 'Noli Me Tangere,' which exposed the abuses of the Spanish friars. His support for Rizal and his works contributed to the development of Filipino nationalism.

These positive developments, though overshadowed by the rising discontent with Spanish rule, played a crucial role in shaping Filipino identity and fostering the eventual push for independence. The historical journey of the Philippines under Spanish colonization is rich with both achievements and challenges that paved the way for the nation's future.