The Historical Context of Polish Settlement in Ukraine: Lwów and Ivano-Frankivsk

Poland's influence in Ukraine, particularly in areas such as Lwów (now Lviv) and Ivano-Frankivsk, has a rich and complex history. This article explores the historical context and the cultural and demographic shifts that have characterized this region over the centuries.

The Origins and Early Settlement of Lviv

Lviv, originally founded by Ruthenians in the 12th or 13th century, experienced a significant population shift in the late Middle Ages. Due to a famine, many Poles migrated to the city, transforming its demographic makeup. For over 600 years, Lviv was predominantly Polish. This Polish dominance was so pronounced that, to the east, the city was often referred to as a strongPolish island surrounded by a Ukrainian sea/strong.

The Foundation of Ivano-Frankivsk by the Poles

In the 15th or 16th century, Ivano-Frankivsk, also known as Stanis?awów (in Polish), was established by the Poles. The city was founded as a fortress to protect the Polish nobility and princes from potential threats, further cementing its role as a strategic center in the Polish lands.

Development under Polish Rule and Beyond

During the period of Polish rule, many Ukrainian cities experienced significant development. This was not limited to Poles but also involved Ukrainians, Armenians, Jews, and other communities who inhabited these regions. The multicultural nature of these cities contributed to their economic and cultural growth.

For instance, Lwów (Lviv) was a city with a majority Polish population for many centuries. This did not mean, however, that the city was devoid of Ukrainian or Jewish influence. The city retained its Polish cultural heritage, with many of its buildings and archaeological findings bearing testimony to its Polish past. The construction of a new commercial building in Lviv revealed Polish coins, pottery, and Roman Catholic scapulars, highlighting the deep historical ties between the city and its Polish heritage.

The Disputes and Changes in the Polish-Ukrainian Border

The political landscape of Ukraine, particularly in Western Ukraine, underwent significant changes during the 20th century. After World War II, the borders of the region were redrawn by Stalin's personal decision, leading to the transfer of many cities, including Lwów (Lviv) to the Soviet Union. The border discussions were influenced by the decisions made at the Tehran Conference, where the Allied powers agreed on the post-war borders.

Poland attempted to negotiate with Stalin to retain cities like Lwów and Grodno, which were currently in Belarus. However, Stalin's refusal to discuss this and the position taken by the Western Allies during the Tehran Conference made it difficult for Poland to retain these territories. The unwillingness of Polish politicians to negotiate border changes also contributed to the final decision-making process.

It is important to acknowledge that Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk are now Ukrainian cities with a clear Ukrainian majority. These cities have vibrant centers of Ukrainian culture and language. However, one must not overlook the significant period when these cities were predominantly Polish and served as important cultural and linguistic centers.

In the construction of a new commercial building in Lviv, the archaeological evidence found in the soil and old walls, such as Polish coins, pottery, and Roman Catholic scapulars, provides a tangible link to the city's rich Polish heritage. The leaflets distributed in tourist accommodations in Lviv often emphasize its Austrian heritage and omit any reference to its Polish history, reflecting the complex and nuanced history of the region.

In conclusion, the history of Lwów and Ivano-Frankivsk offers a unique perspective on the often-overlooked cultural and demographic complexities of the Polish-Ukrainian border. The region has been shaped by a multitude of influences, and the traces of these influences can still be seen today in the buildings, artifacts, and cultural landscapes of the cities.