The Distinction Between National Monuments and National Parks and the Case of Mount Rushmore

Understanding the distinctions between national monuments, national parks, and other designated lands within the United States is crucial for both visitors and those interested in the management of public lands. This article explores the differences, focusing on a key example: Mount Rushmore National Memorial.

What Are National Monuments?

National monuments, as defined by the 1906 Antiquities Act and administrative actions by the President or Congress, offer unique protections to specific sites of historical, cultural, or scientific importance. These sites can vary greatly in scope and purpose. For instance, some national monuments protect dense forests, while others focus on single historical features such as the enduring stone carvings of Mount Rushmore.

What Are National Parks?

By contrast, national parks are designated by Congress and typically encompass larger areas. They are managed by the National Park Service and serve a variety of purposes, including scenic, inspirational, educational, and recreational use. National parks are meant to preserve an array of natural and cultural resources within their boundaries, making them ideal for tourism and educational activities for the general public.

What Is the Case for Mount Rushmore?

Mount Rushmore National Memorial was designated in 1925, but its classification has sparked debate. Comprising the iconic granite faces of four U.S. presidents carved into the Black Hills of South Dakota, Mount Rushmore is a national memorial rather than a national park. This distinction highlights the complex nature of these designations.

The Role of National Memorials

National memorials, such as the Lincoln Memorial and Mount Rushmore, focus on commemorating historical figures or events. Unlike national parks, which often reflect the natural and cultural landscape, national memorials are dedicated to a specific narrative. In the case of Mount Rushmore, the monument serves as a symbolic representation of the primary figures in the history of the United States, symbolizing democracy and leadership.

Understanding the Differences

To comprehend the subtle differences, consider the following points:

National Parks: Larger in size, protecting a range of natural, historical, and cultural resources for public enjoyment and study. National Monuments: Often smaller, focusing on a specific object or feature of historical, cultural, or scientific significance. National Memorials: Generally smaller than national parks, dedicated to commemorating a person or event, often found in national cemeteries or significant historical locations.

The Evolution of Designations

The original intentions behind national monuments, parks, and memorials have shifted over the years. Political influences and changing societal values have led to reevaluations of these designations. While the initial focus was on preserving these areas for their intrinsic values, current debates often revolve around the need to protect these sites from varying environmental and cultural pressures.

Conclusion

The distinction between national monuments, national parks, and national memorials is not always straightforward. Each type of designation serves a unique purpose and provides different levels of protection and access to the public. Understanding these nuances helps in appreciating the diverse landscapes and historical sites within the United States. For Mount Rushmore, its status as a national memorial underscores the importance of preserving historical figures and their legacies, distinct from the broader natural and cultural landscapes of national parks.