Submarine Viewing Systems: How They See Surface Activities

Understanding how submarines can identify and track surface activities, despite operating in an underwater environment, is crucial for enhancing their operational effectiveness. This article explores the methods used by submarines to observe surface conditions, including the role of periscopes, sonar, radar, satellite and communication systems, and visual observation.

Introduction

Submarines, designed to operate primarily underwater, employ sophisticated systems to gather information about surface conditions. These systems enable the crew to make informed decisions and maintain situational awareness, even when the submarine remains hidden beneath the waves. This article delves into the primary methods through which submarines achieve this feat.

Periscopes: Traditional but Effective

Periscopes have been a fundamental tool in submarine observation for decades. A traditional submarine periscope consists of a long tube containing mirrors and lenses that allow the crew to see above the waterline without exposing the submarine. While the periscope has limitations, such as being visible to surface ships or surface search radar, it remains a reliable method for submarine operations.

During periscope operations, the submarine maintains a specific depth known as 'periscope depth,' typically less than 100 feet. At this depth, the submarine minimizes the risk of detection while still providing a clear view of the surface. To further enhance observational capabilities, the submarine's crew follows specific techniques, such as reducing speed, to minimize the formation of wake and the risk of collisions with surface vessels. These techniques are particularly critical during heavy seas or at night, where the periscope is more difficult to spot.

Sonar: The Silent Observer

One of the most crucial technologies used by submarines is sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging). Sonar systems use sound waves to detect objects in the water and evaluate surface and underwater terrain. Active sonar involves sending out sound waves and analyzing the echoes that bounce back, providing information about the distance and size of surface vessels and underwater features.

Submarines equipped with advanced sonar systems can continuously monitor the surrounding area, even when the submarine is in a depth that limits visual observation. By analyzing the sonar data, the crew can identify potential threats and navigate through potentially dangerous areas with greater confidence.

Radar: Surviving the Surface

While mainly used by surface ships, radar can also be utilized by submarines when they are at periscope depth, just below the surface. Deploying radar systems allows submarines to detect surface vessels and monitor weather conditions, enhancing their situational awareness. However, since radar emissions are detectable, submarines may use these systems sparingly and strategically to avoid detection.

Satellite and Communication Systems: Extending the Reach

Submarines can also benefit from satellite and communication systems. These systems allow the submarine to receive data from various sources, such as surface ships and other naval assets. This information helps the crew to understand the overall situation on the surface and make necessary adjustments to their plans.

Visual Observation: Direct and Clear

When at periscope depth, submarine crew members can visually observe the surface to identify other ships, aircraft, and environmental conditions. This method provides direct and clear information, but it also has its limitations, such as the need for good visibility and the risk of detection by surface ships.

Modern Submarine Observational Systems

Today's submarines have evolved significantly, with the introduction of more advanced observational systems. Modern submarines often feature an external mast that can be raised to provide high-resolution video and imagery. These masts are capable of providing a wide-angle view and detailed visual information, which can be displayed on video screens in the control room. The mast can be controlled through a control box, similar to a video game controller, allowing the crew to operate it with precision and flexibility.

Conclusion

Submarines rely on a combination of advanced technologies to observe and monitor surface activities effectively. By using periscopes, sonar, radar, satellite and communication systems, and visual observation, submarines can maintain situational awareness and operate with enhanced stealth. Modern advancements in submarine technology have made these systems more sophisticated and capable, ensuring that submarines can perform their missions with greater precision and effectiveness.