Introduction

The historical and socio-economic structure of India has been profoundly influenced by the caste system. This complex hierarchy of castes has played a significant role in shaping land ownership patterns across various regions of the country. This article will explore the land-holding castes in different states, with a particular emphasis on Andhra Pradesh, and provide an overview of their origins, relocations, and the present-day landscape of land ownership in these regions.

Andhra Pradesh: A Detailed Look at Land-Holding Castes

Andhra Pradesh is home to several land-holding castes, whose historical roots and migrations have shaped the socio-economical fabric of the region. This section delves into the caste dynamics, their migrations, and the regions where they are predominantly found.

Uttarandhra: Gavara Naidu and Koppula Velama

The Gavara Nuaidus and Koppula Velamas are two of the most prominent land-holding castes in the Uttarandhra region. Originating from Uttar Pradesh, Gavara Nuaidus have settled in Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram, and are the dominant community in Anakapalle district. Koppula Velamas, also originally from Uttar Pradesh, have made Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam their primary settlements.

Polinati Velama: A Major Community in Srikakulam

Polinati Velama, another significant land-holding caste, is primarily found in Srikakulam. They migrated from Uttar Pradesh and have established a firm presence in both Srikakulam and Godavari delta regions.

Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam Districts: Kshatriyas and Brahmins

Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts are known for their prominent Kshatriyas, including the Thangedu Rajulu and Bheminelli Rajulu clans, who are well-known in the region. Additionally, the presence of Brahmins, including Niyogi and Vadigis, is notable in these districts.

Other Taluks and Districts: An Overview

Besides Andhra Pradesh, other regions like Krishna, Guntur, Prakasham, and Nellore have their own distinct land-holding castes. The Reddys, Kamma, Telagas, Vysyas, Kapus, Gavara Nuaidus, Balijas, and others are among the more prominent castes in these areas, each with their unique historical and socio-economic significance.

Karnataka: Lingayats, Bunts, and Telugu Reddys

Karnataka is a diverse state with various land-holding castes. Northern Karnataka is dominated by Lingayats and Bunts, while Southern Karnataka includes Vokkaligas, Bunts, and Telugu Reddys. Central Karnataka is home to Lingayats and Vokkaligas.

Tamil Nadu: Telugu Reddys and Other Castes

Tamil Nadu, on the other hand, has its own unique line-up of land-holding castes, with Telugu Reddys being one of the prominent ones. Other prominent castes in the region include Kammals, Iyers, and Iyengars.

Odisha: Karnas and Other Castes

In Odisha, the Karnas, who are record-keepers, hold a significant place. Interestingly, in Telugu, these castes are referred to as Sista Karnams. Today, one can find the Andhra Karnams in the region. Alongside, Brahmins, Rajputs, and others are also prominent.

West Bengal: Kayasthas, Baidyas, and Gavara Nuaidus

West Bengal, with its diverse socio-cultural background, has castes like Kayasthas and Baidyas serving as village record keepers and landholders. The Gavara Nuaidus have a significant presence in Kharagpur and West Midinapur, particularly as railway employees since 1920.

Uttar Pradesh: Bhumihars and Rajputs

Uttar Pradesh is another state with a rich tapestry of land-holding castes. Bhumihars, Rajputs, and Banias are prominent in this region. The Ahirs, or Gollasthis, who were once coolies in agrarian fields, have slowly climbed the social ladder, becoming land owners.

Conclusion

The land-holding castes in India exhibit a rich historical and cultural heritage, with each caste having its unique story to tell. From their origins to their current socio-economic status, these castes continue to play a pivotal role in shaping the socio-economic landscape of their respective regions. Whether it be through their historical migrations or their cultural contributions, land-holding castes have left an indelible mark on the socio-economic development of India.